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   <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a 
  name="x2-1000"></a>Contents</h2> <div class="tableofcontents"><span class="likechapterToc">&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x2-1000" name="QQ2-2-1">Contents</a></span><br /><span class="partToc">Part&#x00A0;1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesispa1.xml#x3-20001" name="QQ2-3-2">Introductory Learning Theory</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch1.xml#x4-30001" name="QQ2-4-3">Informal
Introduction</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;1.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse1.xml#x5-40001.1" name="QQ2-5-4">The learning problem</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;1.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse2.xml#x6-50001.2" name="QQ2-6-5">The problem with the learning problem</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;1.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse3.xml#x7-60001.3" name="QQ2-7-6">A
plethora of learning models</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;1.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse4.xml#x8-70001.4" name="QQ2-8-7">The oblivious passive supervised learning model</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;1.5.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse5.xml#x9-80001.5" name="QQ2-9-8">Questions
we can answer</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch2.xml#x10-90002" name="QQ2-10-9">Formal Model and Context</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;2.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse6.xml#x11-100002.1" name="QQ2-11-10">Formal Model</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;2.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse7.xml#x12-110002.2" name="QQ2-12-11">Relationship
to Prior Work</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;2.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse8.xml#x13-140002.3" name="QQ2-13-14">Overview of the document</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch3.xml#x14-220003" name="QQ2-14-22">Basic Observations </a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;3.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse9.xml#x15-230003.1" name="QQ2-15-23">The
Basic Building Block</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;3.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse10.xml#x16-240003.2" name="QQ2-16-24">Approximation techniques</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;3.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse11.xml#x17-250003.3" name="QQ2-17-25">Binomial Tail calculation
                                                                     

                                                                     
techniques</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;3.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse12.xml#x18-260003.4" name="QQ2-18-26">Converting to a P-value approach</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;3.5.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse13.xml#x19-270003.5" name="QQ2-19-28">Bounding the Union</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;3.6.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse14.xml#x20-280003.6" name="QQ2-20-29">Arbitrary
Loss functions</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch4.xml#x21-290004" name="QQ2-21-30">Simple Sample Complexity bounds</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;4.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse15.xml#x22-300004.1" name="QQ2-22-31">Simple Holdout</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;4.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse16.xml#x23-320004.2" name="QQ2-23-34">The
basic training set bound</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;4.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse17.xml#x24-330004.3" name="QQ2-24-35">Lower Bounds</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;4.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse18.xml#x25-340004.4" name="QQ2-25-36">Lower Upper Bounds</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;4.5.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse19.xml#x26-350004.5" name="QQ2-26-37">Structural Risk
Minimization</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;4.6.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse20.xml#x27-360004.6" name="QQ2-27-38">Incorporating a &#x201C;Prior&#x201D;</a></span><br /><span class="partToc">Part&#x00A0;2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesispa2.xml#x28-370002" name="QQ2-28-40">New Techniques</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;5.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch5.xml#x29-380005" name="QQ2-29-41">Microchoice
Bounds (the algebra of choices)</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;5.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse21.xml#x30-390005.1" name="QQ2-30-43">A Motivating Observation</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;5.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse22.xml#x32-400005.2" name="QQ2-32-44">The Simple Microchoice
Bound</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;5.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse23.xml#x33-460005.3" name="QQ2-33-50">Combining Microchoice with Freund&#x2019;s Query Tree approach</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;5.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse24.xml#x36-560005.4" name="QQ2-36-60">Microchoice
discussion</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;6.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch6.xml#x37-570006" name="QQ2-37-61">PAC-Bayes bounds</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;6.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse25.xml#x38-580006.1" name="QQ2-38-63">PAC-Bayes Basics</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;6.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse26.xml#x39-590006.2" name="QQ2-39-64">A Tighter
PAC-Bayes Bound</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;6.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse27.xml#x41-600006.3" name="QQ2-41-65">PAC-Bayes Approximations</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;6.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse28.xml#x42-630006.4" name="QQ2-42-68">Application of the PAC-Bayes
bound</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;7.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch7.xml#x43-640007" name="QQ2-43-69">Averaging Bounds (Improved margin)</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;7.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse29.xml#x44-650007.1" name="QQ2-44-71">Earlier Results</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;7.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse30.xml#x45-660007.2" name="QQ2-45-72">A generalized
averaging bound</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;7.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse31.xml#x46-670007.3" name="QQ2-46-73">Proof of main theorem</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;7.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse32.xml#x47-700007.4" name="QQ2-47-76">Methods for tightening</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;7.5.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse33.xml#x48-710007.5" name="QQ2-48-77">Final thoughts
for Averaging Bounds</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;8.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch8.xml#x49-720008" name="QQ2-49-78">Computable Shell bounds </a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;8.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse34.xml#x50-730008.1" name="QQ2-50-80">The Discrete Shell
Bound</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;8.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse35.xml#x51-760008.2" name="QQ2-51-83">Sampling Shell Bound</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;8.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse36.xml#x52-770008.3" name="QQ2-52-84">Lower Bounds</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;8.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse37.xml#x53-780008.4" name="QQ2-53-85">Shell Bounds for Continuous
Spaces</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;8.5.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse38.xml#x54-790008.5" name="QQ2-54-86">Conclusion</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;9.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch9.xml#x55-800009" name="QQ2-55-87">Tight covering number bounds</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;9.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse39.xml#x56-810009.1" name="QQ2-56-88">Introduction</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;9.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse40.xml#x57-820009.2" name="QQ2-57-89">The
Setting and Prior Results</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;9.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse41.xml#x58-830009.3" name="QQ2-58-90">Bracketing Covering Number Bound </a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;9.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse42.xml#x59-840009.4" name="QQ2-59-91">Covering number
calculations</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;9.5.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse43.xml#x60-860009.5" name="QQ2-60-93">Conclusion and Future Work</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;10.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch10.xml#x61-8700010" name="QQ2-61-94">Holdout bounds: Progressive
Validation</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;10.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse44.xml#x62-8800010.1" name="QQ2-62-95">Progressive Validation Technique</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;10.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse45.xml#x63-8900010.2" name="QQ2-63-97">Variance Analysis</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;10.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse46.xml#x64-9000010.3" name="QQ2-64-98">Deviation
Analysis</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;10.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse47.xml#x65-9100010.4" name="QQ2-65-99">A Quick Experiment</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;10.5.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse48.xml#x66-9200010.5" name="QQ2-66-101">Conclusion</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;11.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch11.xml#x67-9300011" name="QQ2-67-102">Combining sample complexity
and holdout bounds</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;11.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse49.xml#x68-9400011.1" name="QQ2-68-103">Combination Possibilities</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;11.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse50.xml#x69-9500011.2" name="QQ2-69-105">General Approaches for Combined
Bounds</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;11.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse51.xml#x70-9600011.3" name="QQ2-70-106">Approximations in Combinations</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;11.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse52.xml#x71-9700011.4" name="QQ2-71-107">Conclusion</a></span><br /><span class="partToc">Part&#x00A0;3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesispa3.xml#x72-980003" name="QQ2-72-108">Experimental
Results</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;12.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch12.xml#x73-9900012" name="QQ2-73-109">Decision Trees</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;12.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse53.xml#x74-10000012.1" name="QQ2-74-110">The Decision Tree Learning Algorithm</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;12.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse54.xml#x75-10400012.2" name="QQ2-75-115">Bound
Application Details</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;12.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse55.xml#x76-10700012.3" name="QQ2-76-118">Results &#x0026; Discussion</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;12.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse56.xml#x77-11700012.4" name="QQ2-77-136">Discussion</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;13.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch13.xml#x78-11800013" name="QQ2-78-137">Neural
Networks</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;13.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse57.xml#x79-11900013.1" name="QQ2-79-138">Theoretical
setup</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;13.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse58.xml#x80-12300013.2" name="QQ2-80-142">Experimental   Results</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;13.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse59.xml#x81-12400013.3" name="QQ2-81-145">Conclusion</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;14.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch14.xml#x82-12500014" name="QQ2-82-146">Conclusion   &#x0026;
Challenges</a></span><br /><span class="likechapterToc">&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisli2.xml#x83-12600014" name="QQ2-83-147">Bibliography</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;15.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch15.xml#x84-12700015" name="QQ2-84-148">Appendix: Definitions</a></span><br /><span class="chapterToc">Chapter&#x00A0;16.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisch16.xml#x85-12800016" name="QQ2-85-149">Appendix:
Manual</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;16.1.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse60.xml#x86-12900016.1" name="QQ2-86-150">Test Error Bound Calculation</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;16.2.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse61.xml#x87-13000016.2" name="QQ2-87-151">Training Set Bound Calculation</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;16.3.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse62.xml#x88-13100016.3" name="QQ2-88-152">Shell
Bound Calculation</a></span><br /><span class="sectionToc">&#x00A0;16.4.&#x00A0;&#x00A0;<a 
href="thesisse63.xml#x89-13200016.4" name="QQ2-89-153">Combined Bound Calculation</a></span><br />
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